![]() ![]() Adding to this complexity is the fact that many adults take vitamin D and calcium supplements together for bone health, and there is some concern (albeit inconclusive) related to calcium use and increased CVD risk. At this time, vitamin D supplements should not be prescribed for the primary purpose of CVD prevention. Residual confounding or reverse causation may explain some of the discrepancy between the observational and trial results. ![]() These findings, along with the lack of consensus on optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations, have dampened some of the initial enthusiasm for vitamin D supplements. Despite this, more recent meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials have failed to find a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplements on CVD and cancer outcomes. However, a large body of observational data has also linked low concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D), the primary storage form of vitamin D, to an increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, garnering public excitement about the purported nonskeletal benefits of vitamin D. Vitamin D has traditionally been known as the “bone vitamin”.
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